Context

Composites currently rely heavily on carbon and glass fibres for reinforcement. However, the utilization of synthetic composites poses numerous challenges, including recycling difficulties, dependence on third-party countries, and environmental impacts. A substantial 80% of these fibres are manufactured outside of Europe, and roughly half of the remaining 20% is produced under foreign licenses, contributing to a significant reliance on other nations.

Bio-composites, incorporating natural fibres, with hemp and flax being the most prevalent, present a promising solution to reduce this dependence. Hemp cultivation is widespread across Europe, yielding over 150,000 tons annually. Similarly, flax production is significant, with 80% of the required flax in Europe sourced locally. By leveraging natural fibres, the reliance on imported materials can be substantially diminished, thereby bolstering the autonomy of the European composites industry.

Nevertheless, the current application of bio-composites is confined to less critical uses without significant mechanical performance requirements. Natural fibres, as bio-based materials, exhibit greater variability in dimensions, weight, appearance compared to regular, smooth, and solid synthetic fibres. This disparity in properties necessitates a deeper understanding to tailor weight-to-performance systems and adapt manufacturing processes accordingly.